Medical

Ubiquinol vs. N-acetylcystein (NAC)

Nov 30 2025

Personalized gene-editing

Nov 14 2025

Antibodies: From Lab Bench to Therapeutic Drugs

Aug 31 2025

Antibodies: From immunization to Screening

Nov 07 2025

Body temperature

Measurement method	Normal temperature range	average temperature
Temporal (forehead)	36.6°C to 37.8°C (97.9°F to 100.1°F );	37.6°C (99.6°F)
Tympanic (ear)	35.8°C to 38°C (96.4°F to 100.4°F ); 35.7°C to 37.8°C (96.3°F to 100°F );	36.4°C (97.6°F)
Oral	35.5°C to 37.5°C (95.9°F to 99.5°F )	37.0°C (98.6°F)
Axillary (armpit)	34.7°C to 37.3°C (94.5°F to 99.1°F )	36.4°C (97.6°F)
Rectal	36.6°C to 38°C (97.9°F to 100.4°F )	37.6°C (99.6°F)

Vital Signs

Temperature	97.6-99.6 °F
Pulse	60-100 beats per minute
Respiration	12-20 breaths per minute
Blood Pressure	120/80 mmHg; Systolic 90-140, diastolic 60-90
Oxygen level	95% to 100%

• do not obtain an oximeter on the extremity /finger tip of the same side where a blood pressure cuff is located!!

Blood Oxygen Levels by Age using Pulse Oximetry Chart

Conditions	By Age	SpO2
Normal	Adults & Children	95% to 100%
Normal	>70 years old	about 95%
Brain is affected	Adults & Children	80% to 85%
Cyanosis	Adults & Children	Below 67%

Visual Acuity

You hear something like 20/20, 20/100 etc.

Visual acuity measures how well you can see fine details. It’s tested using an eye chart – the one with big letters on top and smaller letters below.

What two numbers mean:

Example	Meaning
20/20	You see at 20 feet what a normal eye can see at 20 feet (normal vision).
20/40	You be 20 feet away to see what a normal eye see at 40 feet (can drive with restriction).
20/200	You must be 20 feet away to see what a normal eye can see at 200 feet (Legal blindness- US)
20/800	You must be 20 feet away to see what a normal eye can see at 800 feet (Very poor vision, only large shapes)

Embolism vs Thrombus

An embolus is any foreign materials that move with blood flow.

A thrombus is a blood clot.