From Tylenol to Opium

Korea version | ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ง ๋ฒ„์ ผ
์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ€๋” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‚ค์› ์„๊นŒ, ๋ผ์šธ๊นŒ?
์—ด์ด ๋‚˜๊ณ , ๋ฐค์ƒˆ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋“ค. ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ด์— ์˜์ง€ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?

ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์˜ ๊ธด ์—ญ์‚ฌ
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์„ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธธ๋‹ค.
1955๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ McNeil Laboratories๋Š” Tylenol์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์šฉ ํ•ด์—ด์ œ๋ฅผ ์ถœ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ 1959๋…„ Johnson & Johnson์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ „์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ†ตยทํ•ด์—ด์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์„ธํŠธ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธํŽœ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์ธ 1878๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ™”ํ•™์ž Harmon Northrop Morse์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
1890๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง„ํ†ต๊ณผ ํ•ด์—ด ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„ํŽธ(Opium)์ด๋‹ค.

์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•œ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ, ์•„ํŽธ
์•„ํŽธ์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์˜จ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ์ด์ž ๋งŒ๋ณ‘ํ†ต์น˜์•ฝ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
์–‘๊ท€๋น„์—์„œ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ง„ํ†ต ํšจ๊ณผ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜์กด์„ฑ ์ค‘๋…์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค.

19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ Š์€ ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ฒฌ์Šต์ƒ Friedrich Sertรผrner๋Š” ์•„ํŽธ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๊ฟˆ์˜ ์‹  Morpheus์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ Morphine์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ›—๋‚  ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜ํ•™๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ง„ํ†ต ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
1827๋…„ Merck๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ˜„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํผ์กŒ๋‹ค.

๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์•ฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•œ ์š•๋ง
1853๋…„ ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ์˜์‚ฌ Alexander Wood๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์ฒด๋‚ด์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ์ ์€ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ๋‹ค ๋ณต์šฉ์˜ ํฌ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์€ Wood์˜ ๋ถ€์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.

๋‹น์‹œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ค‘๋…์„ฑ์ด ์ ์€ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด Heroin (acetylated morphine)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1898๋…„ Bayer๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€์„ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ Heroin์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹  ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๋…์„ฑ์ด ์ ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์˜คํŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ์€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‡Œ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์พŒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์˜์กด์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ž ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ 1924๋…„ Heroin Act๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ์™€ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Natural์€ Safe๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€, ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์˜คํ”ผ์˜ค์ด๋“œ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋‹ค.
์–‘๊ท€๋น„๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฝƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฝƒ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ–ฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ฝƒ์€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์˜์กด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์ด๋‹ค.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ข… "์ฒœ์—ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋…๋ฒ„์„ฏ๋„ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ด๊ณ , ์•„ํŽธ๋„ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ด๋‹ค. Natural๊ณผ Safe๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ
์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ธ ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์ด ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด์˜ ์—ด์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์•ฝ. ์ด ์•ฝ์€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๋Ÿฝ์„ ๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์— ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ํ•ด๋กœ์›€์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
100๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง๋„ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์•ฝ (์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ์—ด์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถ˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์šฐํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„ํ””์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ๊ฒƒ๊ฐ™๋‹ค).
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„ํŽธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์˜จ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ.

์ง„ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์˜ํ•™์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ค„์ด๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ, ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์—…์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ด๋‹ค.

ํƒ€์ด๋ ˆ๋†€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ๊ธ€์€โ€ฆ ์•ผ์‚ฐ์˜ ์–‘๊ท€๋น„ ๊ฝƒ (์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์•ผ์‚ฐ์— ์–‘๊ท€๋น„ ๊ฝƒ์€ ์—†๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ..)์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋‚œ ์‹ค์žฌ๋กœ ์–‘๊ท€๋น„ ๊ฝƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ˆ˜์—… ๋•Œ ๋“ค์€ ์ ์€ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๋ณธ ์ ์€ ์—†๋‹ค.

Sometimes I find myself wondering: if Tylenol had never existed, how would I have raised my children?

The fevers, the countless nights spent comforting a restless child who couldn’t sleep. Almost every parent has probably relied on Tylenol at some point.

We use Tylenol so routinely today that we rarely stop to think about it. But when did the history of pain relief actually begin?

The Long History of Tylenol

Many people think of Tylenol as a modern medicine, but its history is much longer than most realize.

In 1955, McNeil Laboratories introduced a children’s fever reducer under the brand name Tylenol. After Johnson & Johnson acquired the company in 1959, Tylenol became widely available across the United States and eventually grew into one of the most commonly used pain relievers and fever reducers in the world.

Acetaminophen itself, however, dates back much further. It was first synthesized in 1878 by the American๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ chemist Harmon Northrop Morse. By the 1890s, it was already being used to relieve pain and reduce fever. Yet at the time, medicine was dominated by a much more powerful substance. That substance was opium.

Opium: The Painkiller That Accompanied Human History

Opium is a natural pain reliever that humans have used for thousands of years.

Derived from the opium poppy, it possesses remarkable pain-relieving properties. The problem, however, is that its power to relieve pain is matched by its ability to create dependence.

In the early nineteenth century, a young German๐Ÿ‡ฉ๐Ÿ‡ช chemical apprentice named Friedrich Sertรผrner succeeded in isolating the most potent active ingredient found in opium. He named the substance Morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams.

Like many early scientists, Sertรผrner experimented on himself. He administered the substance to his own body and later warned that it could be dangerous. Nevertheless, the medical community was captivated by morphine’s extraordinary ability to relieve pain.

When Merck began mass-producing morphine in 1827, it rapidly spread throughout medical practice around the world.

The Desire for a Stronger Drug

In 1853, the Scottish๐Ÿด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ณ๓ ฃ๓ ด๓ ฟ physician Alexander Wood believed that injecting morphine directly into the body would allow doctors to achieve the same effects with smaller doses. As a result, injectable morphine quickly gained popularity and The first victim of the injected morphine was Wood’s wife.

At the same time, physicians continued searching for a painkiller that was even more effective while being less addictive.

Out of that research came heroin, acetylated morphine.

In 1898, Bayer began marketing a chemically modified form of morphine under the name Heroin.

Early researchers hoped that this new drug would be safer and less addictive than morphine. It was a devastating miscalculation.

Heroin reached the brain more rapidly, produced stronger feelings of euphoria, and ultimately proved even more addictive. By the early twentieth century, doctors and researchers had begun recognizing its dangers. In 1924, the United States passed the Heroin Act, effectively banning the manufacture and sale of heroin.

Natural Does Not Mean Safe

One of the most interesting aspects of this story is that morphine, heroin, and modern opioid painkillers all originated from nature.

The poppy is a beautiful flower. Some people admire its appearance. Others appreciate its fragrance. Yet this beautiful flower also became the starting point for some of the most powerful pain-relieving drugs and some of the most devastating addiction problems in human history.

We often assume that something described as “natural” must also be safe. History tells a different story.

Poisonous mushrooms are natural. Opium is natural. Natural and safe are not the same thing.

A Question That Returns to Tylenol

Perhaps that is one reason why Tylenol, a synthetic drug, remains so fascinating.

It is the medicine countless parents use to bring down a child’s fever. Of course, while this medication is safe, you certainly must not drink the syrup as if it were water. Doing so could cause fatal harm to your liver.

It has been used for well over a century, yet its precise mechanism of action is still not completely understood. (It seems that lowering a fever essentially regulates the immune response, and that this, in turn, indirectly helps control the pain.)

Most importantly, it followed a path very different from that of opium or morphine๐Ÿชœ.

When we look back at the history of painkillers, we are looking at more than the history of medicine.

It is also the story of humanity’s effort to reduce suffering, a story shaped by scientific curiosity, occasional premature conclusions, and powerful commercial interests ๐Ÿค‘.

Today’s reflections began with Tylenol, but somehow led me all the way to the poppy flower ๐ŸŒบ.

Growing up, I heard about poppies in elementary school, but I have never actually seen one in person. Perhaps wild opium poppies once existed in fields and hillsides somewhere in Korea, but certainly not today.

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